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Rising Social Tensions in Lebanon

The rising social tensions in Lebanon started on 30 June, after the Lebanese army raid on Arsal, a town near the Syrian border. Looking for terrorists in Syrian refugee camps, soldiers were met by five suicide bombers. The army arrested around 350 people, four of whom died in detention. More recently, the appearance of Hezbollah fighters involved in skirmishes around Arsal against militants from both IS and Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (formerly al-Nusra Front), and the introduction of the national army, who have set up defensive positions around Arsal, has led to rising tensions among Lebanese citizens. Allegations of torture and mistreatment have since been made, crystallising tensions in Lebanon, which is struggling to cope with an estimated one million Syrian refugees and the threat of IS incursions across the border.

On 16 July, interior minister Nouhad Machnouk banned all protests. This decision was prompted by calls from the left-wing political group Socialist Forum, alongside other human rights and activist groups, to hold a peaceful protest on 18 July in support of Syrian refugees and detainees they believe are being mistreated by the Lebanese army. In response to the ban, the Socialist Forum issued a statement asking for accountability for the death of the four Syrians.

“We just wanted to highlight abuses and demand an independent investigation,” Farah Kobeissi, a member of the Socialist Forum said. “The violence against Syrian refugees is becoming more frequent and is normalised under the appellation of ‘war against terror.’ But even if the army is responsible, there needs to be accountability.”

An autopsy report of the bodies of the four Syrian detainees requested by military prosecutor Judge Saqr Saqr concluded that the deaths resulted from “health complications.” One was said to have died from a sudden heart attack, a second from pneumonia, a third of climate shock and substance abuse, and a fourth of emphysema. The report, however, was not made public. An independent medical analysis ordered by a Zahle judge, Antoine Abi Zeid, almost went through, until the lawyer representing the victim’s families was coerced into handing over forensic samples, intended for the hospital, to military intelligence officers in plain clothes. The same lawyer had previously stated that the detainees were in good health before their bodies were returned with clear signs of torture.

Pictures widely shared on social media and by Human Rights Watch (HRW) show deep gashes around the men’s wrists, as well as burns, bruises, and in one case, congealed blood around the man’s ear. A physician stated to HRW, “it would be reasonable to conclude that the death of these men is the result of in-custody violence.”

Allegations of torture are not new in Lebanon. In 2014, a UN report stated that ‘torture in Lebanon is a pervasive practice that is routinely used by armed forces and law enforcement agencies.’

An increase in discrimination is also causing tension between Lebanese and Syrian refugees. Farah Salkha, the executive director of the Anti-Racism Movement, racism is reaching “peaks of levels of violence and hatred towards refugees.” Salkha said, “Refugees have slowly and gradually turned into the ‘black sheep’ of this place and they are supposed to be silent, invisible, obedient, do as instructed or risk their lives, get killed and be blamed for it.”

Venezuela Election Update: Turmoil Continues

The company that provided the voting system in Venezuela alleged on 2 August that turnout numbers for the Sunday 30 July vote in the country have been “tampered with.”

The announcement comes after Venezuela’s electoral authorities announced that more than eight million people voted in the elections for a new constituent assembly. CEO of Smartmatic, Antonio Mugica, has disputed this figure, stating that the actual turnout differed by at least one million. The opposition has also stated that the figures were inflated.

Speaking during a news conference in London, Mr Mugica disclosed “it is with the deepest regret that we have to report that the turnout numbers on Sunday 30^th July for the Constituent Assembly in Venezuela wer tampered with,” adding that although the company’s system had recorded the true number of voters, a full audit would have to take place before he could give the precise figure. Asked why he had not contacted the Venezuelan authorities, Mr Mugica replied stating that he though they “would not be sympathetic to what we’d say.” Smartmatic had provided the country with about 24,000 machines for Venezuelans to cast their votes electronically. According to the company, their system supplied correct voting statistics however altered results were announced in their place.

During the vote, Venezuelans were asked to select more than 500 representatives to make up a constituent assembly. The new body has the power to rewrite the constitution, effectively side-lining the opposition-led Congress. President Nicolas Maduro argued that the constituent assembly would promote “reconciliation and peace” after months of crisis,” however the opposition, which boycotted the vote, has seen it as a power grab by the president. Turnout is seen as crucial in the vote as given that the opposition refused to field candidates, the figure gives an indication of support for the government.

In the wake of Sunday’s vote, the country remains in political and economic turmoil. Tumbling oil prices have hit social programmes hard and scores of people have been killed while protesting against the government. Despite the unrest, the government retains the crucial support of the armed forces.

US Chief States that IS Leader is ‘Alive’

This month, United States Defense Secretary General James Mattis disclosed that he believes the leader of the so-called Islamic State (IS) group hasn’t been killed, despite recent reports.

Last month, Russia’s military claimed to have killed Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in an airstrike in May, after targeting a meeting of top IS commanders in Raqqa, Syria. The Russian claim could not be confirmed by the US at the time, with America’s military leading international efforts to defeat IS in Syria and Iraq. Earlier this month, just days after the liberation of Mosul, the group’s de facto capital in Iraq, a monitoring group disclosed that it had “confirmed information” al-Baghdadi was dead. The US again could not confirm the announcement by UK-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. However on Friday 21 July, US Defense Secretary General Mattis stated “I think Baghdadi’s alive…and I’ll believe otherwise when we know we’ve killed him,” adding “we are going after him but we assume he is alive.” His belief has been supported by Nicholas Rasmussen, the director of the US National Counter Terrorism Centre, who has stated, “I’ve seen nothing that would lead me to believe that the leader of ISIS (Islamic State) has been removed from the battlefield…We know a good bit. We just don’t have information that would confirm his death and demise.”

The US army’s General Raymond Thomas, who is the head of special operations, has admitted that the country’s military has come “particularly close” to getting al-Baghdadi in the past, but that he had slipped away. He blamed a media leak for ruining at least one promising lead.

Having lost control of Mosul, where al-Baghdadi declared the so-called IS caliphate in 2014, the group are also under increasing pressure in Raqqa, following the entrance of Western-backed forces into the city. The US government is offering up to US $25 million for information leading to al-Baghdadi’s location, arrest or conviction.

Interpol Circulates list of IS Fighters who May Launch Attacks in Europe

A list of 173 suspected Islamic State (IS) fighters – possibly trained to launch suicide attacks in Europe – has reportedly been circulated by Interpol. The world’s largest police organizations believes that the fighters may seek to “build and position improvise explosive devices in order to cause serious deaths an injuries.”

The report includes the name of the suspects, along with the date that each fighter was recruited by the terror group, where they pray and their last known address. The Guardian is reporting that the information was collected by US intelligence agencies during assaults on IS strongholds in Iraq and Syria. The newspaper has noted however that there is no evidence to suggest that any of those listed have entered Europe and that Interpol’s list is designed to gather further information about them from European Union (EU) intelligence sources. Officials are hoping that national police forces will be able to contribute details including the suspects’ passport numbers, biometric data and details of any border crossings that they make or crimes they commit.

In a statement, an Interpol spokesperson disclosed “Interpol regularly sends alerts and updates to its National Central Bureaus (NCB) on wanted terrorists and criminals via I-24/7, our secure global police communications network.” The statement goes on to say that “it is the member country, which provides the information that decides which other countries it can be shared with,” adding “the purpose of sending these alerts and updates is to ensure that vital policing information is made available when and where it is needed.”

Last year, Sky News obtained tens of thousands of documents containing the names, addresses, telephone numbers and family contacts of IS jihadis. The files identified a number of previously unknown jihadis in the United Kingdom, as well as across northern Europe, in much of the Middle East and North Africa, and in the United States and Canada.

Poland’s President Vetoes Judicial Reforms in Wake of Major Protests

On Monday 24 July, Polish President Andrzej Duda announced that he is vetoing a controversial law to replace Supreme Court judges with government nominees. The move comes after a number of major protests in the capital Warsaw, and with warnings from the European Union (EU).

In recent weeks, three key judicial reforms were passed by Poland’s parliament, which prompted days of demonstrations across the country. Before they become law, they are required to have approval by the president. On Monday, in a statement broadcast on national television, President Duda stated, “as president I don’t feel that this law would strengthen a sense of justice,” adding “these laws must be amended.” He went on to say that he was vetoing two of the new laws, but that he would approve the third, which effectively gives the justice minister the right to name the heads of Poland’s lower courts.

The ruling Law and Justice (PiS) government has strongly rejected claims that the reforms are a move towards authoritarian rule. It has now expressed disappointment at the president’s decision to wield a veto. While President Duda had already intervened last week in an attempt to find a compromise, his latest step does come as a surprise. Last week, the president’s initial compromise watered down the government’s bid to push through its nominees for the National Judiciary Council, by requiring the support of another political party. Opposition MPs have also praised the role of protesters in influencing the decision. Demonstrations have taken place in dozens of cities across the country, from Poznan and Lublin to Krakow, Gdansk and Warsaw and there have been calls for the protests to continue.

The changes also set Poland’s right-wing government on a collision course with the EU. The European Commission had threatened to impose sanctions this week if the reforms were not scrapped. European Council President Donald Tusk, a former Polish prime minister, had warned of a “black scenario that could ultimately lead to the marginalisation of Poland in Europe.”

The Proposed Reforms 

Poland’s judicial system is widely seen as being slow, with reforms seen as being necessary. President Duda has stated, “I’m absolutely a supporter of this reform, but a wise reform.”

The three reforms give the justice minister and MPs broad powers and have prompted alarm from both the United States and the EU.

• The first reform requires that all Supreme Court judges to step down and gives the justice minister the power to decide who should stay on – vetoed by President Duda
• The second reform gives politicians control over who sits on the National Judiciary Council, which nominates Supreme Court judges – vetoed by President Duda
• The third reform gives the justice minister the right to select and dismiss judges in lower courts – passed by President Duda

What Next?

In theory, the Polish parliament could now challenge the president’s veto. The Law and Justice party has a simple majority in the lower house of parliament, known as the Sejm, but needs a three-fifths majority if it decides to reject President Duda’s decision. IT could theoretically achieve this with the support of a smaller party, such as Kukiz’15, however this is not seen as being certain. A more likely step would be to spend the next weeks redrafting the two bills that the president has turned down and seek his approval. While the protest movement has celebrated its success so far, demonstrators are now pushing for the president to veto the third reform as well. Much now will also depend on the man who is seen as the real power behind the government, Jaroslaw Kaczynski.